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Background

Join the discussion: Canada’s administration of the tariff rate quota for refined sugar exports to the United States under the WTO

Following obligations made during the Uruguay Round of WTO negotiations, the United States (U.S.) established a refined sugar Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) for a minimum volume of 22,000,000 kilograms. As per the commitments under the 1997 Canada-U.S. Bilateral Understanding on Sugar, Canada is allocated a country-specific share of 10,300,000 kilograms of this TRQ. Obligations concerning this TRQ were made binding under subparagraph 2(a) of Article 3.A.5 of Annex 3-A of Chapter 3 of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). Goods under this TRQ are found in item 5204 (a) of the Export Control List. Permits are required to export any good provided in item 5204 (a).

Sugar that is wholly obtained from Canadian sugar beets and refined in Canada is eligible for this TRQ. The quota year extends from October 1 to September 30, inclusively.

Definitions

• Allocation methodology
• Eligibility criteria
• Return policy
• Return penalty
• Under-utilization penalty

Allocation methodology

Allocation methodologies may vary from quota to quota. The following are some examples:

1. First-come, first-served
   1. There is no allocation policy
   2. Eligible companies may export products and receive the preferential rate of duty until the quota is filled
   3. Export permits are issued on a shipment-by-shipment basis until the specified quantity for the quota is reached
   4. Once that threshold is reached (i.e., once the quota is filled), additional exports will be subject to the Most-Favoured Nation (MFN) rate of duty
2. Previous year’s utilization:
   1. Eligible applicants receive an allocation equal to their total utilization during the previous year
   2. Further allocations are available on a first-come, first-served basis as long as quota remains available
   3. New entrants normally obtain quota on a first-come, first-served basis for their first year
3. Equal Share: All eligible applicants receive an equal allocation
4. Market Share: All eligible applicants receive an allocation proportional to their respective market share
5. Hybrid: The allocation method combines two or more of the above approaches

Eligibility criteria

The eligibility for each quota varies and is used to determine who is eligible to obtain an allocation or a permit under a quota to export products that are controlled under the .

In some cases, there is only one eligibility criterion, which is that the applicant must be a “resident of Canada.” “Resident of Canada” is defined as meaning, in the case of a natural person, a person who ordinarily resides in Canada and, in the case of a corporation, a corporation having its head office in Canada or operating a branch office in Canada.

Often, there are additional eligibility criteria depending on:

• the type of product
• the amount of production undertaken in Canada
• whether it is destined for retail sale or for manufacturing purposes
• depending on the number of applicants who are interested in exporting that product

Eligible applicants could include exporters, processors, or distributors.

Return policy

Quotas are administered on an annual basis and allocations are valid only for the year in which they are granted. In addition, applicants who seek to obtain an allocation in the following year may be assessed on the basis of their performance in the current year. A return policy is a provision that allows allocation holders that are unable to substantially utilize their allocations to return all, or part, of that allocation by a specific date. The amount that is returned can then be made available to other eligible applicants that are able to utilize the allocation, which contributes to maximum utilization of the quota. It also allows an allocation holder that is unable to substantially utilize the allocation in any one year to avoid facing an under-utilization penalty the following year.

Return penalty

Allocation holders that return a significant portion of their allocation may face a return penalty if they apply for an allocation in subsequent years. The details of the return policy, including what is meant by a “significant portion”, vary by quota. Generally, the applicant’s allocation will be adjusted downward in proportion to the amount returned in the previous year. The purpose of the return penalty is twofold: to direct allocations to applicants that can fully utilize them and to encourage maximum utilization of the quota by industry.

Under-utilization penalty

The purpose of the under-utilization policy is to encourage maximum utilization of the quota by directing allocations to applicants that will utilize them. Applicants that are unable to substantially utilize their allocations, and do not make use of the return policy, will have their allocations in the following year adjusted downward in proportion to the amount they did not utilize. The threshold below which an allocation is considered under-utilized varies by quota. In some quotas, allocation holders that have utilized 85% or more of their allocations are considered to have fully utilized their allocations and will not be subject to an under-utilization penalty in the following year. In other quotas, the threshold may be as high as 95%.