Text of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement – Annex 29
Annex 29-A – Rules of procedure for arbitration
Definitions and general provisions
1. For this Chapter and under these Rules:
adviser means a natural person retained by a Party to advise or assist that Party in connection with the arbitration proceeding;
arbitration panel means a panel established under Article 29.7;
arbitrator means a member of an arbitration panel established under Article 29.7;
assistant means a natural person who, under the terms of appointment of an arbitrator conducts research for or provides assistance to the arbitrator;
day means a calendar day, unless otherwise specified;
legal holiday means every Saturday and Sunday and any other day designated by a Party as a holiday for the purposes of these Rules;
representative of a Party means an employee or any natural person appointed by a government department or agency or any other public entity of a Party who represents the Party for the purposes of a dispute under this Agreement;
responding Party means the Party that is alleged to be in violation of the provisions referred to in Article 29.2; and
requesting Party means any Party that requests the establishment of an arbitration panel under Article 29.6;
2. The responding Party shall be in charge of the logistical administration of the arbitration proceedings, in particular the organisation of hearings, unless otherwise agreed. However, the Parties shall bear equally the administrative expenses of the arbitration proceedings as well as the remuneration and all travel, lodging and general expenses of the arbitrators and their assistants.
Notifications
3. Unless agreed otherwise, the Parties and the arbitration panel shall transmit a request, notice, written submission or other document by email, with a copy submitted on the same day by facsimile transmission, registered post, courier, delivery against receipt or any other means of telecommunication that provides a record of its sending. Unless proven otherwise, an email message shall be deemed to be received on the same date of its sending.
4. When communicating in writing, a Party shall provide an electronic copy of its communications to the other Party and to each of the arbitrators.
5. Minor errors of a clerical nature in a request, notice, written submission or other document related to the arbitration proceeding may be corrected by delivery of a new document clearly indicating the changes.
6. If the last day for delivery of a document falls on an official holiday or rest day in Canada or in the European Union, the document may be delivered on the next business day. No documents, notifications or requests of any kind shall be deemed to be received on a legal holiday.
7. Depending on the provisions under dispute, all requests and notifications addressed to the CETA Joint Committee in accordance with this Chapter shall also be copied to the other relevant institutional bodies.
Commencing the arbitration
8. Unless the Parties agree otherwise, they shall meet the arbitration panel within seven working days of its establishment in order to determine such matters that the Parties or the arbitration panel deem appropriate, including the remuneration and expenses to be paid to the arbitrators, which shall be in accordance with WTO standards. Remuneration for each arbitrator's assistant shall not exceed 50 per cent of the total remuneration of that arbitrator. Arbitrators and representatives of the Parties may take part in this meeting via telephone or video conference.
9.
Unless the Parties agree otherwise, within five working days of the date of the establishment of the arbitration panel, the terms of reference of the arbitration panel shall be:
"to examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of the Agreement, the matter referred to in the request for establishment of the arbitration panel, to rule on the compatibility of the measure in question with the provisions referred to in Article 29.2 and to make a ruling in accordance with Articles 29.10, 29.17 and 29.18.".
- The Parties shall notify the agreed terms of reference to the arbitration panel within three working days of their agreement.
- The arbitration panel may rule on its own jurisdiction.
Initial submissions
10. The requesting Party shall deliver its initial written submission no later than 10 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. The responding Party shall deliver its written counter-submission no later than 21 days after the date of delivery of the initial written submission.
Working of arbitration panels
11. The chairperson of the arbitration panel shall preside over all meetings. An arbitration panel may delegate to the chairperson authority to make administrative and procedural decisions.
12. Hearings shall take place in person. Unless otherwise provided in this Chapter and without prejudice to paragraph 30, the arbitration panel may conduct its other activities by any means, including telephone, facsimile transmissions or computer links.
13. Only arbitrators may take part in the deliberations of the arbitration panel, but the arbitration panel may permit its assistants to be present at its deliberations.
14. The drafting of any ruling shall remain the exclusive responsibility of the arbitration panel and must not be delegated.
15. Findings, determinations and recommendations of the arbitration panel under Articles 29.9 and 29.10 should be made by consensus, but if consensus is not possible then by a majority of its members.
16. Arbitrators may not issue separate opinions on matters not unanimously agreed.
17. Where a procedural question arises that is not covered by the provisions of Chapter Twenty-Nine (Dispute Settlement), the arbitration panel, after consulting with the Parties, may adopt an appropriate procedure that is compatible with those provisions and that ensures equal treatment between the Parties.
18. If the arbitration panel considers that there is a need to modify any time limit applicable in the proceedings or to make any other procedural or administrative adjustment as may be required for the fairness or efficiency of the proceedings, it shall inform the Parties in writing of the reasons for the modification or adjustment and of the period or adjustment needed. The arbitration panel may adopt such modification or adjustment after having consulted the Parties.
19. Any time limit referred to in this Chapter and in this Annex may be modified by mutual consent of the Parties. Upon request of a Party, the arbitration panel may modify the time limits applicable in the proceedings.
20. The arbitration panel shall suspend its work:
- at the request of the requesting Party for a period specified in the request but not to exceed 12 consecutive months, and shall resume its work at the request of the requesting Party; or
- after it has issued its interim report or in the case of a proceeding on a disagreement on equivalence under Article 29.14 or a proceeding under Article 29.15, only upon the request of both Parties for a period specified in the request, and shall resume its work at the request of either Party.
If there is no request for the resumption of the arbitration panel's work by the end of the period specified in the request for suspension, the proceeding shall be terminated. The termination of the arbitration panel's work is without prejudice to the rights of the Parties in another proceeding on the same matter under Chapter Twenty-Nine (Dispute Settlement).
Replacement
21. If an arbitrator is unable to participate in the proceeding, withdraws, or must be replaced, a replacement shall be selected in accordance with Article 29.7.3.
22. Where a Party considers that an arbitrator does not comply with the requirements of the code of conduct of Annex 29-B ("Code of Conduct") and for this reason must be replaced, that Party shall notify the other Party within 15 days from the time it came to know of the circumstances underlying the arbitrator's non-compliance with the Code of Conduct.
23. Where a Party considers that an arbitrator other than the chairperson does not comply with the requirements of the Code of Conduct, the Parties shall consult and, if they so agree, replace the arbitrator and select a replacement following the procedure set out in Article 29.7.3.
If the Parties fail to agree on the need to replace an arbitrator, any Party may request that such matter be referred to the chairperson of the arbitration panel, whose decision shall be final.
If, pursuant to such a request, the chairperson finds that an arbitrator does not comply with the requirements of the Code of Conduct, she or he shall draw a new arbitrator by lot from the names on the list referred to in Article 29.8.1 and on which the original arbitrator was included. If the original arbitrator was chosen by the Parties pursuant to Article 29.7, the replacement shall be drawn by lot from the individuals proposed by the requesting Party and by the responding Party under Article 29.8.1. The selection of the new arbitrator shall be made within five working days of the date of the submission of the request to the chairperson of the arbitration panel.
24. Where a Party considers that the chairperson of the arbitration panel does not comply with the requirements of the Code of Conduct, the Parties shall consult and, if they so agree, shall dismiss the chairperson and select a replacement following the procedure set out in 29.7.3.
If the Parties fail to agree on the need to replace the chairperson, any Party may request that such matter be referred to the two remaining arbitrators. The decision by the arbitrators on the need to replace the chairperson shall be final.
If the arbitrators decide that the chairperson does not comply with the requirements of the Code of Conduct, they shall draw a new chairperson by lot among the remaining names on the list referred to in Article 29.8.1. The selection of the new chairperson shall be made within five working days of the date of the submission of the request referred to in this paragraph.
If the arbitrators cannot reach a decision within 10 days of the matter being referred to them, the procedure set out in Article 29.7 shall apply.
25. The arbitration proceedings shall be suspended for the period taken to carry out the procedure provided for in paragraphs 21 through 24.
Hearings
26. The chairperson shall fix the date and time of the hearing in consultation with the Parties and the other arbitrators, and confirm this in writing to the Parties. This information shall also be made publicly available by the Party in charge of the logistical administration of the proceeding, subject to paragraph 39.
27. Unless the Parties agree otherwise, the hearing shall be held in Brussels if the requesting Party is Canada and in Ottawa if the requesting Party is the European Union.
28. As a general rule there should be only one hearing. The arbitration panel may on its own initiative or on the request of a Party convene one additional hearing when the dispute involves issues of exceptional complexity. No additional hearing shall be convened for the procedures established under Articles 29.14 and 29.15, except in the case of a disagreement on compliance and equivalence.
29. All arbitrators shall be present during the entirety of the hearing.
30. The following persons may attend the hearing, irrespective of whether the proceeding is open to the public or not:
- representatives of the Parties;
- advisers to the Parties;
- administrative staff, interpreters, translators and court reporters; and
- arbitrators' assistants.
Only the representatives of and advisers to the Parties may address the arbitration panel.
31. No later than five working days before the date of a hearing, each Party shall deliver to the arbitration panel and to the other Party a list of the names of natural persons who will make oral arguments or presentations at the hearing on behalf of that Party and of other representatives or advisers who will be attending the hearing.
32. The arbitration panel shall conduct the hearing in the following manner, ensuring that the requesting Party and the responding Party are afforded equal time:
Argument
- argument of the requesting Party
- argument of the responding Party
Rebuttal Argument
- reply of the requesting Party
- counter-reply of the responding Party
33. The arbitration panel may direct questions to either Party at any time during the hearing.
34. The arbitration panel, after having received the comments of the Parties, shall issue to the Parties a final transcript of each hearing.
35. Each Party may deliver to the arbitrators and to the other Party a supplementary written submission concerning any matter that arose during the hearing within 10 working days of the date of the hearing.
Questions in writing
36. The arbitration panel may at any time during the proceeding address questions in writing to one or both Parties. Each of the Parties shall receive a copy of any questions put by the arbitration panel.
37. Each Party shall also provide the other Party with a copy of its written response to the questions of the arbitration panel. Each Party shall be given the opportunity to provide written comments on the other Party's reply within five working days of the date of receipt.
Transparency and confidentiality
38. Subject to paragraph 39, each Party shall make its submissions publicly available and, unless the Parties decide otherwise, the hearings of the arbitration panel shall be open to the public.
39. The arbitration panel shall meet in closed session when the submission and arguments of a Party contain confidential business information. The Parties shall maintain the confidentiality of the arbitration panel hearings when they are held in closed session. Each Party and its advisers shall treat as confidential any information submitted by the other Party to the arbitration panel which that Party has designated as confidential. Where a Party's submission to the arbitration panel contains confidential information, that Party shall also provide, within 15 days, a non-confidential version of the submission that could be disclosed to the public.
Ex parte contacts
40. The arbitration panel shall not meet or contact a Party in the absence of the other Party.
41. No arbitrator may discuss any aspect of the subject-matter of the proceeding with a Party or the Parties in the absence of the other arbitrators.
Information and technical advice
42. Upon the request of a disputing Party, or on its own initiative, the arbitration panel may seek information and technical advice from any person or body that it deems appropriate, subject to any terms and conditions agreed by the Parties. Any information obtained in this manner must be disclosed to each Party and submitted for their comments.
Amicus curiae submissions
43. Non-governmental persons established in a Party may submit amicus curiae briefs to the arbitration panel in accordance with the following paragraphs.
44. Unless the Parties agree otherwise within five days of the date of the establishment of the arbitration panel, the arbitration panel may receive unsolicited written submissions, provided that they are made within 10 days of the date of the establishment of the arbitration panel, and in no case longer than 15 typed pages, including any annexes, and that they are directly relevant to the issue under consideration by the arbitration panel.
45. The submission shall contain a description of the person making the submission, whether natural or legal, including the nature of that person's activities and the source of that person's financing, and specify the nature of the interest that that person has in the arbitration proceeding. It shall be drafted in the languages chosen by the Parties in accordance with paragraphs 48 and 49.
46. The arbitration panel shall list in its ruling all the submissions it has received that conform to these Rules. The arbitration panel shall not be obliged to address in its ruling the arguments made in such submissions. The arbitration panel shall submit to the Parties for their comments any submission it obtains.
Urgent cases
47. In cases of urgency referred to in Article 29.11, the arbitration panel, after consulting the Parties, shall adjust the time limits referred to in these Rules as appropriate and shall notify the Parties of such adjustments.
Working language for the proceeding, translation and interpretation
48. During the consultations referred to in Article 29.7.2, and no later than the meeting referred to in paragraph 8, the Parties shall endeavour to agree on a common working language for the proceeding before the arbitration panel.
49. If the Parties are unable to agree on a common working language, each Party shall arrange for and bear the costs of the translation of its written submissions into the language chosen by the other Party. The responding Party shall arrange for the interpretation of oral submissions into the languages chosen by the Parties.
50. Arbitration panel rulings shall be issued in the language or languages chosen by the Parties.
51. Any costs incurred for translation of an arbitration panel ruling into the language or languages chosen by the Parties shall be borne equally by the Parties.
52. A Party may provide comments on the accuracy of any translated version of a document drawn up in accordance with these Rules.
Calculation of time limits
53. All time limits set out in this Chapter and in this Annex including the limits for the arbitration panels to notify their rulings, shall be counted in calendar days from the day following the act or fact to which they refer, unless otherwise specified.
54. Where, by reason of the application of paragraph 6, a Party receives a document on a date other than the date on which this document is received by the other Party, any period of time that is calculated on the basis of the date of receipt of that document shall be calculated from the last date of receipt of that document.
Other procedures
55. The time limits set out in these Rules shall be adjusted in line with the special time limits provided for the adoption of a ruling by the arbitration panel in the proceedings under Articles 29.14 and 29.15.
56. In the event that the original arbitration panel, or some of its arbitrators, are unable to reconvene for the proceedings established under Article 29.14 and 29.15, the procedure set out in Article 29.7 shall apply. The time limit for the notification of the ruling shall be extended by 20 days.
Annex 29-B – Code of conduct for arbitrators and mediators
Definitions
1. For this Chapter and under this Code of Conduct:
arbitrator means a member of an arbitration panel established under Article 29.7;
assistant means a natural person who, under the terms of appointment of an arbitrator, conducts research or provides assistance to the arbitrator;
candidate means an individual whose name is on the list of arbitrators referred to in Article 29.8 and who is under consideration for selection as an arbitrator under Article 29.7;
mediator means a natural person who conducts a mediation in accordance with Article 29.5;
proceeding, unless otherwise specified, means an arbitration proceeding;
staff, in respect of an arbitrator, means natural persons under the direction and control of the arbitrator, other than assistants.
Responsibilities of candidates and arbitrators
2. Every candidate and arbitrator shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety, shall be independent and impartial, shall avoid direct and indirect conflicts of interests and shall observe high standards of conduct so that the integrity and impartiality of the dispute settlement mechanism is preserved. Former arbitrators must comply with the obligations established in paragraphs 16 through 19.
Disclosure obligations
3. Prior to confirmation of her or his selection as an arbitrator under this Chapter, a candidate shall disclose any interest, relationship or matter that is likely to affect her or his independence or impartiality or that might reasonably create an appearance of impropriety or bias in the proceeding. To this end, a candidate shall make all reasonable efforts to become aware of such interests, relationships and matters.
4. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, candidates shall disclose the following interests, relationships and matters:
- any financial interest of the candidate:
- in the proceeding or in its outcome, and
- in an administrative proceeding, a domestic court proceeding or another panel or committee proceeding that involves issues that may be decided in the proceeding for which the candidate is under consideration;
- any financial interest of the candidate's employer, partner, business associate or family member:
- in the proceeding or in its outcome, and
- in an administrative proceeding, a domestic court proceeding or another panel or committee proceeding that involves issues that may be decided in the proceeding for which the candidate is under consideration;
- any past or existing financial, business, professional, family or social relationship with the interested parties in the proceeding, or their counsel, or such relationship involving a candidate's employer, partner, business associate or family member; and
- public advocacy or legal or other representation concerning an issue in dispute in the proceeding or involving the same matters.
5. A candidate or arbitrator shall communicate matters concerning actual or potential violations of this Code of Conduct to the CETA Joint Committee for consideration by the Parties.
6. Once selected, an arbitrator shall continue to make all reasonable efforts to become aware of interests, relationships or matters referred to in paragraph 3 and shall disclose them. The disclosure obligation is a continuing duty which requires an arbitrator to disclose such interests, relationships or matters that may arise during all stages of the proceeding. The arbitrator shall disclose such interests, relationships or matters by informing the CETA Joint Committee promptly, in writing, for consideration by the Parties.
Duties of arbitrators
7. Upon selection an arbitrator shall be available to perform and shall perform her or his duties thoroughly and expeditiously throughout the course of the proceeding, and with fairness and diligence.
8. An arbitrator shall consider only those issues raised in the proceeding and necessary for a ruling and shall not delegate this duty to any other person.
9. An arbitrator shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that her or his assistant and staff are aware of, and comply with, paragraphs 2 through 6, and 17 through 19.
10. An arbitrator shall not engage in ex parte contacts concerning the proceeding.
Independence and impartiality of arbitrators
11. An arbitrator shall avoid creating an appearance of bias and shall not be influenced by self-interest, outside pressure, political considerations, public clamour, loyalty to a Party, or fear of criticism.
12. An arbitrator shall not, directly or indirectly, incur any obligation or accept any benefit that would in any way interfere, or appear to interfere, with the proper performance of her or his duties.
13. An arbitrator may not use her or his position on the arbitration panel to advance any personal or private interests and shall avoid actions that may create the impression that others are in a special position to influence her or him.
14. An arbitrator may not allow financial, business, professional, family or social relationships or responsibilities to influence her or his conduct or judgement.
15. An arbitrator must avoid entering into any relationship or acquiring any financial interest that is likely to affect her or his impartiality or that might reasonably create an appearance of impropriety or bias.
Obligations of former arbitrators
16. All former arbitrators must avoid actions that may create the appearance that they were biased in carrying out their duties or derived advantage from the decision or ruling of the arbitration panel.
Confidentiality
17. No arbitrator or former arbitrator shall at any time disclose or use any non-public information concerning a proceeding or acquired during a proceeding except for the purposes of that proceeding and shall not, in any case, disclose or use any such information to gain personal advantage or advantage for others or to adversely affect the interest of others.
18. An arbitrator shall not disclose an arbitration panel ruling or parts thereof prior to its publication in accordance with this Chapter.
19. An arbitrator or former arbitrator shall not at any time disclose the deliberations of an arbitration panel, or any member's view.
Expenses
20. Each arbitrator shall keep a record and render a final account of the time devoted to the procedure and of her or his expenses as well as the time and expenses of her or his assistant.
Mediators
21. This Code of Conduct applies, mutatis mutandis, to mediators.
Annex 29-C – Rules of procedure for mediation
Article 1 – Objective
Further to Article 29.5, the objective of this Annex is to facilitate the finding of a mutually agreed solution through a comprehensive and expeditious procedure with the assistance of a mediator.
Section A – Mediation proceeding
Article 2 – Initiation of the proceeding
1. A Party may request, at any time, that the Parties enter into a mediation proceeding. Such request shall be addressed to the other Party in writing. The request shall be sufficiently detailed to present clearly the concerns of the requesting Party and shall:
- identify the specific measure at issue;
- provide a statement of the alleged adverse effects that the requesting Party believes the measure has, or will have, on trade or investment between the Parties; and
- explain how the requesting Party considers that those effects are linked to the measure.
2. The mediation proceeding may only be initiated by mutual consent of the Parties. When a Party requests mediation pursuant to paragraph 1, the other Party shall give good faith consideration to the request and reply in writing within 10 days of receiving it.
Article 3 – Selection of the mediator
1. Upon the start of the mediation proceeding, the Parties shall agree on a mediator, if possible, no later than 15 days after the receipt of the reply to the request for mediation.
2. A mediator shall not be a citizen of either Party, unless the Parties agree otherwise.
3. The mediator shall assist, in an impartial and transparent manner, the Parties in bringing clarity to the measure and its possible trade effects, and in reaching a mutually agreed solution. Further to paragraph 21 of Annex 29-B, the Code of Conduct of Arbitrators and Mediators applies to mediators. Paragraphs 3 through 7 and 48 through 54 of the Rules of Procedure for Arbitration in Annex 29-A shall also apply, mutatis mutandis.
Article 4 – Rules of procedure for mediation
1. Within 10 days after the appointment of the mediator, the Party requesting the mediation procedure shall present, in writing, a detailed description of the problem to the mediator and to the other Party, in particular of the operation of the measure at issue and its trade effects. Within 20 days after the date of delivery of this submission, the other Party may provide, in writing, its comments to the description of the problem. Either Party may include in its description or comments any information that it deems relevant.
2. The mediator may decide on the most appropriate way of bringing clarity to the measure concerned and its possible trade-related impact. In particular, the mediator may organise meetings between the Parties, consult the Parties jointly or individually, seek the assistance of or consult with relevant expertsFootnote 1 and stakeholders and provide any additional support requested by the Parties. However, before seeking the assistance of or consulting with relevant experts and stakeholders, the mediator shall consult with the Parties.
3. The mediator may offer advice and propose a solution for the consideration of the Parties which may accept or reject the proposed solution or may agree on a different solution. However, the mediator may not advise or comment on the consistency of the measure at issue with this Agreement.
4. The procedure shall take place in the territory of the Party to which the request was addressed, or, by mutual consent of the Parties, in any other location or by any other means.
5. The Parties shall endeavour to reach a mutually agreed solution within 60 days from the appointment of the mediator. Pending a final agreement, the Parties may consider possible interim solutions, especially if the measure relates to perishable goods.
6. The solution may be adopted by means of a decision of the CETA Joint Committee. Mutually agreed solutions shall be made publicly available. However, the version disclosed to the public may not contain any information that a Party has designated as confidential.
7. On request of the Parties, the mediator shall issue to the Parties, in writing, a draft factual report, providing a brief summary of the measure at issue in the proceeding, the procedure followed and any mutually agreed solution reached as the final outcome of the proceeding, including possible interim solutions. The mediator shall provide the Parties 15 days to comment on the draft report. After considering the comments of the Parties submitted within the period, the mediator shall submit, in writing, a final factual report to the Parties within 15 days. The factual report shall not include any interpretation of this Agreement.
8. The proceeding shall be terminated:
- by the adoption of a mutually agreed solution by the Parties, on the date of adoption.
- by a written declaration of the mediator, after consulting with the Parties, that further efforts at mediation would be to no avail;
- by a written declaration of a Party after exploring mutually agreed solutions under the mediation proceeding and after having considered any advice and proposed solutions by the mediator. Such declaration may not be issued before the period set out in Article 4.5 has expired; or
- at any stage of the procedure by mutual agreement of the Parties.
Section B – Implementation
Article 5 – Implementation of a mutually agreed solution
1. Where the Parties have agreed to a solution, each Party shall take the measures necessary to implement the mutually agreed solution within the agreed timeframe.
2. The implementing Party shall inform the other Party in writing of any steps or measures taken to implement the mutually agreed solution.
Section C – General provisions
Article 6 – Confidentiality and relationship to dispute settlement
1. Unless the Parties agree otherwise, and without prejudice to Article 4.6, all stages of the proceeding, including any advice or proposed solution, are confidential. However, any Party may disclose to the public that mediation is taking place. The obligation of confidentiality does not extend to factual information already existing in the public domain.
2. The mediation proceeding is without prejudice to the Parties' rights and obligations under the provisions on Dispute Settlement in this Agreement or any other agreement.
3. Consultations are not required before initiating the mediation proceeding. However, a Party should normally avail itself of the other relevant cooperation or consultation provisions in this Agreement before initiating the mediation proceeding.
4. A Party shall not rely on or introduce as evidence in other dispute settlement proceedings under this Agreement or any other agreement, nor shall an arbitration panel take into consideration:
- positions taken by the other Party in the course of the mediation proceeding or information gathered under Article 4.2;
- the fact that the other Party has indicated its willingness to accept a solution to the measure subject to mediation; or
- advice given or proposals made by the mediator.
5. A mediator may not serve as a panellist in a dispute settlement proceeding under this Agreement or under the WTO Agreement involving the same matter for which she or he has been a mediator.
Article 7 – Time limits
Any time limit referred to in this Annex may be modified by mutual consent between the Parties.
Article 8 – Costs
1. Each Party shall bear its costs of participation in the mediation proceeding.
2. The Parties shall share jointly and equally the costs of organisational matters, including the remuneration and expenses of the mediator. Remuneration of the mediator shall be in accordance with that of the chairperson of an arbitration panel in paragraph 8 of Annex 29-A.
Article 9 – Review
Five years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the Parties shall consult each other on the need to modify the mediation mechanism in light of the experience gained and the development of any corresponding mechanism in the WTO.
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